The 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro (6–7 July 2025) formally marked the transition of BRICS from a five‑member group to BRICS‑11, now representing 40% of the world’s population and economy.[1] Under the Chairmanship of Brazil, leaders issued a 31‑page Declaration calling for deep reforms in global governance institutions (UN, IMF, World Bank); stronger South‑South cooperation; and greater climate finance commitments in the run‑up to COP30.[2] A measured consensus was achieved, even as some leaders were unable to attend in-person. China’s President Xi Jinping and Russia’s President Vladimir Putin participated remotely, while the Presidents of Iran and Egypt were also absent, reportedly due to regional scheduling constraints and domestic considerations.[3] Pakistan, having formally applied for membership in late 2023, enjoys clear support from Russia and China, but its bid remains subject to consensus, particularly the recurring opposition of India.[4]
