Issue Brief on “Addressing Pakistan’s Climate Adaptation Deficit in the FY2026-27 Budget”
Introduction
Debt servicing, defence expenditure, pensions and limited revenue mobilisation constrain Pakistan’s investment in climate resilience. The FY2026–27 federal budget totals Rs18.771 trillion, including Rs8.054...
Issue Brief on “Poland’s Water Treatment Cyberattacks: Lessons for Pakistan’s Critical Infrastructure”
Poland’s Internal Security Agency (ABW) published its 2024–2025 activity report in May 2026. It recorded more than 40,000 reports of potential information and communication...
Issue Brief on “Weaponizing Water: India’s Attempt to Suspend the Indus Waters Treaty and...
Introduction
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) has long been one of the few durable frameworks between India and Pakistan. Brokered by the World Bank in...
Issue Brief on “Somalia’s Governance-Security Nexus: Political Fragmentation and the Challenge of State Consolidation”
Somalia’s persistent instability is rooted in the interaction between political fragmentation, weak state institutions and insecurity. Although Al-Shabaab remains the country’s principal security threat,...
Issue Brief on “U.S. Iran Conflict Timeline”
The relationship between the U.S. and Iran has been marked by extended periods of conflict and hostility. The tension intensified in 2018, when the...
Issue Brief on “Saudi Arabia’s AI Ambition: National Capability, Strategic Autonomy and Global Partnerships”
Artificial intelligence is reshaping the global allocation of economic, technological, and strategic power. States can raise productivity, modernise public administration, and influence the governance...
Issue Brief on “Strategy Amid Structural Limitations”
Introduction
Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions (MAHASAGAR) is the extended Indian maritime vision that builds upon the earlier Security and...
Issue Brief on “Middle East Crisis and Pakistan’s Energy Security Vulnerabilities”
Geopolitical instability now moves quickly through energy markets, shipping routes and national economies. For energy-importing states, even a temporary disruption at a major transit...
Issue Brief on “Pakistan’s Support in the Resolution of the Palestinian Conflict at the...
As one of the oldest standing issues in the United Nations (UN), the issue of Palestine continues to challenge the international community. The conflict...
Issue Brief on “Climate change and the Sir Creek Dispute”
Introduction
Sir Creek is a narrow tidal estuary in the marshlands of the Rann of Kutch, between Sindh and Gujarat. Its delimitation and the associated...
