Introduction:
Pakistan is facing an increasingly interconnected climate and environmental crisis in which rising temperatures, accelerating glacial melt, worsening air pollution, and growing water insecurity are reinforcing one another. The rapid melting of glaciers in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKH) region, combined with deteriorating air quality and weak resource management, is placing immense stress on Pakistan’s fragile water systems.[1] Climate change is rapidly disrupting this balance through rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing levels of black carbon and particulate pollution that accelerate glacial retreat and reduce snow persistence. Pakistan is already experiencing recurrent floods, droughts, heatwaves, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), declining agricultural productivity, and mounting water shortages.[2]
