Introduction
Climate change is no longer a distant threat it is an unfolding crisis with visible and intensifying consequences. Across the globe, prolonged droughts in East Africa and increasingly severe hurricanes in the Caribbean illustrate the strain climate extremes place on governance and communities. For Pakistan, the challenge is even more acute.
In 2022, Pakistan faced unprecedented flooding that displaced over 33 million people and caused damages exceeding USD 30 billion, ranking it as the most climate-affected country in the Climate Risk Index 2025.[1] In the long-term assessment by Germanwatch (1993–2022), Pakistan ranked 56th globally in climate vulnerability.[2] These figures underscore the urgency for robust, integrated climate data systems and disaster preparedness strategies.
