Introduction
Conflict is a significant phenomenon that has drastically changed over time. One of the most prominent examples of this evolution is cyber-enabled operations, which can be used to gather intelligence, influence adversary opinions, and disrupt systems without engaging in traditional military conflict.[1] Cyber-enabled operations represent a field of grey-zone activity that can span beyond the threshold of conventional armed conflict to include activities such as intelligence collection, influence operations, and disruption of adversary systems.
Being in a decades-old strategic rivalry several crises leading to military clashes, India and Pakistan are lately in a face-off in cyber-enabled warfare. With the emergence of nuclear deterrence, large-scale conventional warfare has become less appealing, and grey zone competition defined as a competition beyond the threshold of conventional warfare but still within the nuclear realm, is growing more appealing.[2] Digital infrastructure is vital to the functioning of key sectors including electricity, telecommunications, banking, government, and other critical sectors, and as both countries come to rely on it more and more, cyberattacks on these systems can pose new threats to strategic stability.athways to unintended escalation include attribution difficulties, state-non-state actor ambiguity, and the possibility of misperception.
