Introduction
On 30 October 2024, three significant U.S. government departments – the Department of State,[1] Department of the Treasury,[2] and the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security[3] (BIS) – announced a comprehensive list of firms and persons sanctioned for assisting Russia in its conflict against Ukraine. Among these, a total of 28 firms and two individuals from India also became the target for supplying dual-use technologies and electronic components to Russia. The Indian government responded that the sanctioned firms were not violating Indian laws, demonstrating the weak export control mechanisms of the country.[4] However, the recent sanctions revealed that the critical technology sourced from the U.S. was being diverted to Russia, raising several serious questions such as what accusations has the U.S. made against Indian firms and individuals regarding the supply of critical technologies to Russia? How might this impact U.S.-India cooperation in the field of critical technologies? And what concerns does Pakistan have regarding this issue?
