9/11 brought a new shift in international relations as terrorism was described as an existential threat to the world. President George W. Bush emphasized that “virtually every terrorist group on the planet – including those that had no beef with Washington – was the enemy and had to be eliminated if the Global War on Terrorism (GWoT) was to be won”. On November 13, 2015, the world saw another horrific terrorist act – attacks in Paris, killing at least 129 people and critically wounding hundreds. Taking the credit for the attacks, ISIS declared that it was in retaliation to the French airstrikes on ISIS targets in Syrian Raqqa province.
